DEEP WORK

1. IntroductionAquatic viruses have been an essential part of the biosphere, and also a part of human and aquatic 3 animal lives. The virus-host interactions are ubiquitous on earth [1]. There are many aquatic 4 animals with more aquatic animal viruses, which have caused enormous harms to the aquaculture 5 development and water environment, and threaten global food security [2-4]. Although sever..

DNA ISOLATION AND PURIFICATIONBasic to all biotechnology research is the ability to manipulate DNA. First and foremost for recombinant DNA work, researchers need a method to isolate DNA from different organisms. Isolating DNA from bacteria is the easiest procedure because bacterial cells have little structure beyond the cell wall and cell membrane. Bacteria such as E. coli are the preferred org..

THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGYTwo essential features of living creatures are the ability to reproduce their own genome and manufacture their own energy. To accomplish these feats, an organism must be able to make proteins using information encoded in its DNA. Proteins are essential for cellular architecture, giving the cell a particular shape and structure. Proteins include enzymes that ..

ESCHERICHIA COLI IS THE MODEL BACTERIUMAlthough extreme bacteria are interesting and useful, more typical bacteria are the routine workhorses for research in molecular biology and biotechnology. The most widely used is Escherichia coli, a rod-shaped bacterium about 1 by 2.5 microns in size. E. coli normally inhabits the colon of mammals including humans (Fig. 1.6) FIGURE 1.6 Subcellular Structu..

IntroductionVertebrates are constantly threatened by the invasion of microorganisms and have evolved systems of immune defense to eliminate infective pathogens in the body. The mammalian immune system is comprised of two branches: innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against pathogens and is mediated by phagocytes including macrophages and dend..

1. IntroductionThe immune system of fish is physiologically similar to that of higher vertebrates, despite certain differences. In contrast to higher vertebrates, fish are free-living organisms from early embryonic stages of life and depend on their innate immune system for survival (Rombout et al., 2005). Nonspecific immunity is a fundamental defence mechanism in fish. In addition, it plays an ..

서 론 대한민국의 양식어종 중 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)는 한국 및 동아시아에서 상업적 가치가 높은 양식어종으로, 넙치 양식 산업은 1980년대 인공 종묘 생산기술과 양식생산 기술이 개발되어 급격하게 성장하였다(Jung et al., 2020). 이러한 성장을 통해 넙치는 2023년 기준 대한민국 양식 어류 생산량의 절반을 차지하였다(Kim et al., 2002; KOSTAT, 2024). 그러나 증가하는 수산물 소비량에 대응하기 위해 넙치의 고밀도 양식이 진행되면서 넙치에 스트레스를 유발하였다(Seo & Park, 2023). 이로 인해 넙치에서 다양한 바이러스, 박테리아, 기생충 관련 질병 발생(Cho et al., 2008)이 증가하였고, 막대한 경제적 손실이 발생하였다. 넙..

INTRODUCTIONTHE INNATE AND ACQUIRE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF BONY FISHThe immune system is a set of cellular and humoral components to defend the body against foreign substances, such as microorganisms, toxins or malignant cells, responding to factors such as endogenous or exogenous components that stimulate this system. The fish immune system is divided into innate and adaptive (memory), both divided in..

PRINCIPLES IN INNATE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTIONUpon engagement of TLRs by individual PAMPs, a number of different signaling pathways are triggered. Signal transduction is mediated initially by a family of adaptor molecules, which at least in part determines the specificity of the response (280). Recruitment of one or several adaptor molecules to a given TLR is followed by activation of downstream signa..

INTRODUCTIONThe innate immune system constitutes the first line of host defense during infection and therefore plays a crucial role in the early recognition and subsequent triggering of a proinflammatory response to invading pathogens (242). The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is responsible for elimination of pathogens in the late phase of infection and in the generation of immunolog..