DEEP WORK

Viral infection is not synonymous with disease, as many viral infections are subclinical (syn., asymptomatic, inapparent), whereas others result in disease of varying severity that is typically accompanied by characteristic clinical signs in the affected host (Fig. 3.1).  Amongst many other potentially contributing factors, the outcome of the virus host encounter is essentially the product of th..

Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid SynthesisUp to this point in the replication process, the virus particle has been somewhat passive as no biosynthetic activity directed by the viral genome has occurred. The preliminary steps of the infection process have placed the viral genome in position to take active control of the replication cycle and to remodel the cell to assist in the production of progen..

In the previous chapter, viruses were defined as obligate intracellular parasites that are unable to direct any independent biosynthetic processes outside the host cell. It was further noted that the genetic complexity of viruses varies greatly between individual virus families, ranging from those viruses that encode only a few proteins to others that encode several hundred proteins. Given this ..

INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANIMAL VIROLOGYThe history of human development has been shaped by at least three major recurring elements: (1) environmental changes; (2) human conflicts; (3) infectious diseases. Infectious diseases have impacted both humans and our food supply. The origins of veterinary medicine are rooted in efforts to maintain the health of animals for food and fiber product..

IntroductionEdwardsiella species are abundant infreshwater and marine environments and one particular species, E. piscicida (old name as E. tarda) is a common and important fish pathogen. E. piscicida causes severe infections in a wide variety of marine and freshwater animals, especially in fish, in the USA, Europe, Asia, and around the world [1,2]. Factors that have contributed to the severity ..

In vertebrates, the interferon (IFN) response, characterized by induction of IFNs and the subsequent establishment of the cellular antiviral state, is the hallmark of antiviral immunity. IFNs are a group of secreted cytokines with activities to inhibit viral replication and regulate the function of immune cells1,2. In mammals, three types of IFNs (type I, II and III IFNs) have been identified, a..

IntroductionAquaculture is the most dynamic and rapidly expanding food production sector. Fish and shellfish have been thoroughly studied in terms of immunostimulants, both at the cellular and hole level. It has been employed as a preventative measure to reduce animal illnesses and diseases, as well as alarm molecules that stimulate the immune system. Modern aquaculture is growing to be more sig..

Lymph nodes are criticalsites for immune cells to connect, exchange information, and initiate responses to foreign invaders. More than 90% of the cells in each lymph node—the T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system—only reside there temporarily and are constantly moving around as they search for foreign substances (antigen). When there is no infection, T and B cells migrate within dist..

1. The Interferon family Interferons (IFN) were first discovered by Isaacs and Lindemann in 1957. The initial experiments were performed in chick chorioallantoic membranes in a nutrient fluid where the addition of influenza virus stimulated the production of a protein which interfered or prevented viral replication. In 1965, IFNγ was discovered as a viral inhibitory protein produced by lymphocyt..

IntroductionImmune enhancers are substances that are unrelated to antigens and can augment the body´s immune response when used alone or simultaneously with antigens, whereas immune adjuvants are substances that can be used in combination with vaccines to improve the immune response to vaccine antigens [1]. Studies have shown that several substances exist with immuneenhancing effects, such as oi..