DEEP WORK

1. Introduction Fish are in intimate contact with their environment, which can contain very high concentrations of bacteria and viruses. Many of these are saprophytic, some are pathogenic and both are very capable of digesting and degrading the fish's tissues. However, under normal conditions the fish maintains a healthy state by defending itself against these potential inva-ders by a complex sy..

INTRODUCTIONA vaccine is any biologically based preparation intended to establish or to improve immunity to a particular disease or group of diseases. Vaccines have been used for many years in humans, terrestrial livestock, and companion animals against a variety of diseases. One analogy used for vaccines is that of an insurance policy (Komar et al, 2004). A vaccine, if effective, can help preve..

1. IntroductionThe fish gill is an interesting tissue due to it being a highly characteristic feature of fishes and multifunctional in nature. The gills are important respiratory organs in fish. In addition to the main function of respiratory gas exchange, the gill also functions in ion and water transfer, filter-feeding, ammonia nitrogen excretion, and osmoregulation (Evans and Nunez, 2015; Kop..

1. IntroductionInterferons (IFNs) are secreted proteins (cytokines) that induce an antiviral state in cells and play a major role in the defense against virus infection of vertebrates [1]. IFN was first discovered and named by Isaacs and Lindenmann as an antiviral substance released by chick cells after treatment with heatinactivated influenza virus [2]. The first IFNs to be cloned were human IF..

1. IntroductionAccording to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), presently 52% of the 600 wild fish species with economic value are heavily depleted, 17% overfished, and the 7% fully exploited. Supply from capture fisheries will be static over the next 30 years. A growing percent of world aquatic production derives from aquaculture, whose importance is set to increa..

1. IntroductionAquatic viruses have been an essential part of the biosphere, and also a part of human and aquatic 3 animal lives. The virus-host interactions are ubiquitous on earth [1]. There are many aquatic 4 animals with more aquatic animal viruses, which have caused enormous harms to the aquaculture 5 development and water environment, and threaten global food security [2-4]. Although sever..

DNA ISOLATION AND PURIFICATIONBasic to all biotechnology research is the ability to manipulate DNA. First and foremost for recombinant DNA work, researchers need a method to isolate DNA from different organisms. Isolating DNA from bacteria is the easiest procedure because bacterial cells have little structure beyond the cell wall and cell membrane. Bacteria such as E. coli are the preferred org..

THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGYTwo essential features of living creatures are the ability to reproduce their own genome and manufacture their own energy. To accomplish these feats, an organism must be able to make proteins using information encoded in its DNA. Proteins are essential for cellular architecture, giving the cell a particular shape and structure. Proteins include enzymes that ..

ESCHERICHIA COLI IS THE MODEL BACTERIUMAlthough extreme bacteria are interesting and useful, more typical bacteria are the routine workhorses for research in molecular biology and biotechnology. The most widely used is Escherichia coli, a rod-shaped bacterium about 1 by 2.5 microns in size. E. coli normally inhabits the colon of mammals including humans (Fig. 1.6) FIGURE 1.6 Subcellular Structu..

IntroductionVertebrates are constantly threatened by the invasion of microorganisms and have evolved systems of immune defense to eliminate infective pathogens in the body. The mammalian immune system is comprised of two branches: innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against pathogens and is mediated by phagocytes including macrophages and dend..