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Expression vectors (or Constructs)Cloning vectors provide a backbone for the DNA insert to be reproduced and propagated in bacteria; however, these vectors are only useful for storing a genetic sequence. By themselves, they are incapable of allowing for transcription and translation of the gene into a functional protein product (Li et al., 2017).The expression vectors are vectors which act as ve..

Types of Cloning VectorsCloning is generally performed using Escherichia coli, and cloning vectors in E. coli include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). Some DNA, however, cannot be stably maintained in E. coli, for example very large DNA fragments. In this case, other organisms such as yeast may be used. Cloning vectors in yeast include yeast artific..

AbstractThe advent of recombinant DNA technology has brought a series of dramatic changes in biology. advent 출현 It offered new opportunities for innovations to produce a wide range of therapeutic products. Recombinant DNA technology refers a series of procedures used to produce recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules. innovation 혁신therapeutic 치료상의procedures 절차 The first step in recombinant DNA technolo..

Rolling-Circle ReplicationReplication by the RC mechanism has to be unidirectional, and it is considered to be an asymmetric process because synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand are uncoupled (reviewed in references 69, 84, 108, 150, 150a, and 228). One of the most relevant features of RC replication is that the newly synthesized leading plus strand remains coval..

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA elements with characteristic copy numbers within the host. These replicons have been found in species from the three representatives of the living world, namely, the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya (318). Plasmids may constitute a substantial amount of the total genetic content of an organism, representing more than 25% of the genetic material of the cell..

Phages are naturally-occurring bacterial viruses which infect specific species or strains of bacteria. There are 2 general types of phages, lytic and lysogenic.   Lytic phages infect host bacteria through a process involving attachment of the phage to the bacterium; insertion of the phage genome into the host cell; cessation in the synthesis of host components; host mediated replication of phage..

3.3. Biofilm Degradation and Killing of Bacteria in Biofilms by PhagesColonization of wounds, surgically implanted materials or catheters by biofilm-producing bacteria such as P. aeruginosa and S. aureus is a common complication for modern surgical and orthopedic practices. Biofilm formation helps bacteria to evade the patient immune system and enhances antibiotic resistance. A biofilm is a comm..

Cells must be able to rapidly respond to changes in their external environment — such as temperature or nutrient availability — to exploit and survive in new conditions. availability 이용할 수 있는exploit 이용하다 Even cells in a multicellular organism need to respond to developmental cues such as signalling molecules to determine when to divide, migrate or die. multicellular 다세포의developmental 발달상의 cues 단..

Limiting inflammatory responsesImmune responses induced by PRRs and by antigenspecific receptors are often highly potent and sterilizing. However, they may also be relatively disruptive and can be associated with tissue damage and the requirement for significant tissue repair and energy consumption119. Many of the constitutive immune mechanisms discussed here not only interfere with microbial r..

The use of the viruses of bacteria, bacteriophages (phages), as therapeutic agents to treat bacterial infections began 20 years before the first clinical use of an antibiotic drug, but the introduction of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the 1940s rapidly eclipsed and displaced the development of phage therapeutics in much of the world. therapeutic agents 약제 drug 약물broad-spectrum 폭넓은 효능을 지닌therapeu..