DEEP WORK

TERMS COMMONLY USED TO DESCRIBE FORMALIN-FIXED, PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED TISSUES There are terms that you will need to become familiar with when interpreting either your own or other people’s data using either in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry. These terms are discussed next. ATROPHYAtrophy refers to the thinning of a specific type of tissue. It usually refers to epithelia. Since the epithe..

PART ONE: THE DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN FORMALIN-FIXED, PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED TISSUES EPITHELIAL CELLSEpithelial cells are the most abundant in the body and have many important functions. For example, they cover our skin and line the gastrointestinal tract from top to bottom. They are also the progenitor cell for what is by far the most common type of cancer in humans: the carcinomas. The different ty..

3. Cell surface structure mediating bacterial cell adhesion As described above, cell surface structures directly affect microbial adhesion to solid surfaces. EPS and proteinous cell appendages have functions for bridging between the cell body and a substratum. While EPS is important for development of biofilm structure rather than for cell adhesion, proteinous cell appendages are often essential..

1. IntroductionMicrobial adhesion is the initial step in colonization and the formation of a biofilm—an accumulated biomass of microorganisms and extracellular materials on a solid surface. Biofilms can be detrimental to both human life and industrial processes, causing infection associated with medical implants [1], pathogen interaction with host cells [2,3], periodontitis or dental caries [4,5..

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are approximately 21- nucleotide-long RNA regulators of gene expression1–3, have become a major focus of research in molecular biology. Although for a long time they were considered to be exclusive to multicellular organisms and possibly essential for the transition to a more complex organism design, the recent identification of miRNAs in the unicellular algae Chlamydom..

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20–23-nucleotide), endogenous, single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression1 . Mature miRNAs and Argonaute (Ago) proteins form the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein complex mediating posttranscriptional gene silencing2–5. Complementary base-pairing of the miRNA guides RISC to target messenger RNAs, which are degraded, destabili..

IntroductionInnate immunity is evolutionarily conserved and acts as the first line of host defence against pathogen infections. Detection of microbial pathogen is an essential step in the initiation of innate immune responses and is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs; Janeway & Medzhitov 2002; Takeuchi & Akira 2010). PRRs are microbial sensors of the innate immune system that can re..

I. INTRODUCTION Our understanding of physiology has benefited greatly from the advances in molecular biology that have been at the origin of the explosive development of genetics and -omic techniques. What used to be a rarity a few decades ago, studying the expression and function of a given molecule within a different physiological system from the one in which it was first identified, has now b..

1. IntroductionFollowing virus challenge, fish mount an early antiviral response by activating the innate immune system [1–3] and later on another response takes place in the way of antibody production [4,5] and cytotoxic T-cell immunity [6]. Here, the focus will be set on the activation of five genes in the interferon pathway that could be regarded as the most relevant in the response to viral ..

4.1 IntroductionFish are in continuous contact with a wide variety of nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes present in the aquatic environment, and therefore, have developed mechanisms to guarantee their survival. The normal structure and function of the fish integument reflects the adaptation of the organism to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the aquatic environment, and th..