DEEP WORK

TLR Signaling PathwaysRecognition of PAMPs by TLRs leads to transcriptional upregulation of distinct genes, depending on the TLRs and cell types involved (Figure 1). The difference in the signaling cascades activated by the individual TLRs can be partly explained by the TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules recruited to TLRs (Akira et al., 2006). There are five TIR domain-containing adaptors i..

TLRs and Their LigandsThe TLR family is one of the best-characterized PRR families and is responsible for sensing invading pathogens outside of the cell and in intracellular endosomes and lysosomes (Akira et al., 2006). TLRs are characterized by N-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a transmembrane region followed by a cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1R homology (TIR) domain. Ten TLRs have been identif..

IntroductionInflammation is a protective response by the body to ensure removal of detrimental stimuli, as well as a healing process for repairing damaged tissue (Medzhitov, 2008). Inflammation is caused by various factors such as microbial infection, tissue injury, and cardiac infarction. Classically, inflammation is characterized by five symptoms: redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of tis..