DEEP WORK

Fish pathogen bacteria: Adhesion, parameters influencing virulence and interaction with host cells(진행중)

1. IntroductionThere is an increasing worldwide demand for seafood due to the awareness of fish as an important protein source for a growing population. Wild fisheries are currently in a state of decline because of overfishing, climate change, pollution and marine habitat destruction, among other factors. However, aquaculture is rising all around the world. Du to commercial and production reason..

[Chapter 4] Antiviral Immunity and Virus Vaccines

As obligate intracellular organisms, viruses have coevolved with their respective host species, which in turn have evolved diverse and sophisticated capabilities to protect themselves against viral infections and their associated diseases. Viruses have also evolved a remarkable variety of strategies to avoid or subvert these host defences. Antiviral immunity in higher animals is complex and refl..

[Chapter 3] Pathogenesis of Viral Infections and Diseases - MECHANISMS OF VIRAL INJURY ANDDISEASE

MECHANISMS OF VIRAL INJURY AND DISEASEThe most common adaptation of a virus to a host involves infection, spread, and shedding with minimal if any adverse effects on the host. Medically relevant virus infections are distinct in that infection causes tissue injury and thus disease (Fig. 3.8). FIGURE 3.8 Potential mechanisms by which steps in the virus replication cycle may cause injury to cells T..

[Chapter 3] Pathogenesis of Viral Infections and Diseases - MECHANISMS OF VIRAL INFECTION AND VIRUS DISSEMINATION

Viral infection is not synonymous with disease, as many viral infections are subclinical (syn., asymptomatic, inapparent), whereas others result in disease of varying severity that is typically accompanied by characteristic clinical signs in the affected host (Fig. 3.1).  Amongst many other potentially contributing factors, the outcome of the virus host encounter is essentially the product of th..

[Chapter 2] Virus Replication - Virus Replication

Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid SynthesisUp to this point in the replication process, the virus particle has been somewhat passive as no biosynthetic activity directed by the viral genome has occurred. The preliminary steps of the infection process have placed the viral genome in position to take active control of the replication cycle and to remodel the cell to assist in the production of progen..

In the previous chapter, viruses were defined as obligate intracellular parasites that are unable to direct any independent biosynthetic processes outside the host cell. It was further noted that the genetic complexity of viruses varies greatly between individual virus families, ranging from those viruses that encode only a few proteins to others that encode several hundred proteins. Given this ..

INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANIMAL VIROLOGYThe history of human development has been shaped by at least three major recurring elements: (1) environmental changes; (2) human conflicts; (3) infectious diseases. Infectious diseases have impacted both humans and our food supply. The origins of veterinary medicine are rooted in efforts to maintain the health of animals for food and fiber product..

IntroductionEdwardsiella species are abundant infreshwater and marine environments and one particular species, E. piscicida (old name as E. tarda) is a common and important fish pathogen. E. piscicida causes severe infections in a wide variety of marine and freshwater animals, especially in fish, in the USA, Europe, Asia, and around the world [1,2]. Factors that have contributed to the severity ..

In vertebrates, the interferon (IFN) response, characterized by induction of IFNs and the subsequent establishment of the cellular antiviral state, is the hallmark of antiviral immunity. IFNs are a group of secreted cytokines with activities to inhibit viral replication and regulate the function of immune cells1,2. In mammals, three types of IFNs (type I, II and III IFNs) have been identified, a..

IntroductionAquaculture is the most dynamic and rapidly expanding food production sector. Fish and shellfish have been thoroughly studied in terms of immunostimulants, both at the cellular and hole level. It has been employed as a preventative measure to reduce animal illnesses and diseases, as well as alarm molecules that stimulate the immune system. Modern aquaculture is growing to be more sig..