DEEP WORK

Pathogen Recognition and Inflammatory Signaling in Innate Immune Defenses(진행중)

INTRODUCTIONThe innate immune system constitutes the first line of host defense during infection and therefore plays a crucial role in the early recognition and subsequent triggering of a proinflammatory response to invading pathogens (242). The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is responsible for elimination of pathogens in the late phase of infection and in the generation of immunolog..

Pathogen bacteria adhesion to skin mucus of fishes(진행중)

1. IntroductionThe innate immune system is the only defence weapon of invertebrates and a fundamental defence mechanism of fish. The bony fishes are derived from one of the earliest divergent vertebrate lineages to have both innate and acquired immune systems. The innate system also plays an instructive role in the acquired immune response and homeostasis (Magnado´ttir, 2006). The innate immune ..

Major Components of Fish Immunity: A Review

INTRODUCTIONThe fish is an organism that comes in various shapes, and the general picture of a fish is of a water creature with scales that coat the whole body and which has fins to swim. However, these are not always true since some species of fish lack scales such as clingfish, while others lack fins, such as the eel. Furthermore, some fish like the lungfish can survive for several hours outsi..

1. IntroductionThere is an increasing worldwide demand for seafood due to the awareness of fish as an important protein source for a growing population. Wild fisheries are currently in a state of decline because of overfishing, climate change, pollution and marine habitat destruction, among other factors. However, aquaculture is rising all around the world. Du to commercial and production reason..

As obligate intracellular organisms, viruses have coevolved with their respective host species, which in turn have evolved diverse and sophisticated capabilities to protect themselves against viral infections and their associated diseases. Viruses have also evolved a remarkable variety of strategies to avoid or subvert these host defences. Antiviral immunity in higher animals is complex and refl..

MECHANISMS OF VIRAL INJURY AND DISEASEThe most common adaptation of a virus to a host involves infection, spread, and shedding with minimal if any adverse effects on the host. Medically relevant virus infections are distinct in that infection causes tissue injury and thus disease (Fig. 3.8). FIGURE 3.8 Potential mechanisms by which steps in the virus replication cycle may cause injury to cells T..

Viral infection is not synonymous with disease, as many viral infections are subclinical (syn., asymptomatic, inapparent), whereas others result in disease of varying severity that is typically accompanied by characteristic clinical signs in the affected host (Fig. 3.1).  Amongst many other potentially contributing factors, the outcome of the virus host encounter is essentially the product of th..

Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid SynthesisUp to this point in the replication process, the virus particle has been somewhat passive as no biosynthetic activity directed by the viral genome has occurred. The preliminary steps of the infection process have placed the viral genome in position to take active control of the replication cycle and to remodel the cell to assist in the production of progen..

In the previous chapter, viruses were defined as obligate intracellular parasites that are unable to direct any independent biosynthetic processes outside the host cell. It was further noted that the genetic complexity of viruses varies greatly between individual virus families, ranging from those viruses that encode only a few proteins to others that encode several hundred proteins. Given this ..

INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANIMAL VIROLOGYThe history of human development has been shaped by at least three major recurring elements: (1) environmental changes; (2) human conflicts; (3) infectious diseases. Infectious diseases have impacted both humans and our food supply. The origins of veterinary medicine are rooted in efforts to maintain the health of animals for food and fiber product..