DEEP WORK

3. Intracellular Nucleic Acid SensorsAs discussed above, the TLRs play an important role in sensing viral PAMPS that are present within the extracellular compartment, as well as in endosomes. In certain contexts, TLRs can receive viral nucleic acids generated from viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, via an autophagy mechanism. A role for intracellular sensors in the clearance of viruses tha..

1. IntroductionCells of the innate immune system utilize pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to identify viral pathogens by engaging pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Once thought to be moieties found only on pathogens our understanding of PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) has expanded to include not only classical PAMPS such as lipopolysaccharides found on bacteria b..

NUCLEIC ACID–INDEPENDENT VIRAL RECOGNITIONRecognition of Viral Structural ProteinsIn addition to viral nucleic acids, other signatures of viruses or viral infection processes are detected by the host cells to trigger innate defenses. Of these defenses, stimulation of PRRs by viral structural proteins has been the target of intense research (29). Surface TLRs (Figure 1), including TLR2 and TLR4, ..

INTRODUCTIONViruses are the most abundant life form on earth, inhabiting nearly every ecosystem, including animals, plants, and bacteria. Research over the past decade has provided enormous insights into the mechanism by which viruses are detected by infected cells. It is clear that the innate immune system is equipped with multiple sensors that detect different molecular signatures of a viral i..