DEEP WORK

2.5.1 Pathogen recognition Once a pathogen succeeds in breaching the innate physical barriers, it is recognized by pattern recognition receptors on immune cells, this step being the first key factor in the triggering of all subsequent immune responses. These receptors are mainly present in DCs and macrophages, but also in other cell types, such as B lymphocytes or endothelial cells, and are acti..

2.4.3 Antimicrobial peptidesAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides (less than 100 amino acids) with low molecular weight and direct microbicidal activities. They are mostly cationic and amphipathic, although some anionic peptides are included among them. AMPs are synthesized as pre-pro-peptides, and, once the active peptides are released by cleavage, they interact directly with pathoge..

2.4.2 ComplementThe complement system is an ancient innate immune mechanism present in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. The mammalian complement system appears more developed and is composed of ∼30 different proteins, either plasma- or membraneassociated. The proteins and glycoproteins that constitute the complement system are synthesized by hepatocytes, but significant amounts are also..