DEEP WORK

4.1 IntroductionFish are in continuous contact with a wide variety of nonpathogenic and pathogenic microbes present in the aquatic environment, and therefore, have developed mechanisms to guarantee their survival. The normal structure and function of the fish integument reflects the adaptation of the organism to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the aquatic environment, and th..

3.1 IntroductionThe organs and tissues comprising mucosae and mucosal surfaces of teleost fish are both structurally and functionally similar in many respects to their mammalian counterparts including man, despite roughly 450 million years of evolutionary separation. Teleostean fish were among the first vertebrate animals to display mucosal immune defenses, particularly adaptive immunity within ..

1.1 Why mucosal health?Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of agriculture and is expected to maintain its rapid growth in coming decades in the face of rising world populations and declining wildcatch fisheries. Roughly half of all seafood for public consumption is now farmed. An ever-growing number of fish and shellfish species is either being grown commercially or being evaluated for aqu..

Innate Discrimination between Viral and Self Nucleic Acids The innate recognition pathways described above are exquisitely sensitive to the presence of viral nucleic acids but are generally silent in the absence of infection. However, the reasons for this robust virus versus self discrimination are still not fully understood. Clearly, some viral nucleic acids have features of PAMPs, which allow ..

Many immunologists think about immune responses to virus infection in terms of production of neutralizing antibodies and induction of cytotoxic activity in T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Although these are clearly essential for immunity to viruses that have coevolved with vertebrates (Hedrick, 2004), there are other layers of antiviral defense that operate independently of lymphocy..

6. Immunoglobulins In bony fish and other jawed vertebrates, the adaptive immune system relies on B and T cells and on the tremendous variety and specificity of their antigen receptors, the immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, and the T cell receptors, respectively [165,166]. Immunoglobulins are the main constituents of the immune response against pathogens [30]. Among the mechanisms implying hum..

3. Intracellular Nucleic Acid SensorsAs discussed above, the TLRs play an important role in sensing viral PAMPS that are present within the extracellular compartment, as well as in endosomes. In certain contexts, TLRs can receive viral nucleic acids generated from viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, via an autophagy mechanism. A role for intracellular sensors in the clearance of viruses tha..

1. IntroductionCells of the innate immune system utilize pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to identify viral pathogens by engaging pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Once thought to be moieties found only on pathogens our understanding of PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) has expanded to include not only classical PAMPS such as lipopolysaccharides found on bacteria b..

NUCLEIC ACID–INDEPENDENT VIRAL RECOGNITIONRecognition of Viral Structural ProteinsIn addition to viral nucleic acids, other signatures of viruses or viral infection processes are detected by the host cells to trigger innate defenses. Of these defenses, stimulation of PRRs by viral structural proteins has been the target of intense research (29). Surface TLRs (Figure 1), including TLR2 and TLR4, ..