DEEP WORK

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are of interest to immunologists because of their front-line role in the initiation of innate immunity against invading pathogens1 . The signalling pathways activated by different TLRs have therefore been the focus of much research. TLR signalling involves a family of five adaptor proteins, which couple to downstream protein kinases that ultimately lead to the activati..

INTRODUCTIONThe innate immune system is the first line of host defense that induces immediate, non-specific immune responses against pathogens (1). Inflammation is part of the innate immune system and is initiated when the innate immune system recognizes invading pathogens or molecules from tissue injury through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflamm..

VIRUSESViruses enter the host cell to hijack the machinery necessary for viral replication. Viral PAMPs can trigger innate immune responses either on the host cell surface, within the endosome, or in the cytoplasm.  Emerging evidence also suggests that innate immune detection might occur in the nucleus. Inflammasome sensors are activated in response to both DNA and RNA viruses, ensuring efficien..