DEEP WORK

\ GENERAL OVERVIEW OF INFLAMMASOME SENSING AND SIGNALING  Several cytoplasmic innate immune sensors form inflammasome complexes in response to PAMPs and DAMPs, including AIM2, NAIP, NLRC4, NLRP1, NLRP3, Pyrin, and caspase-11 (Fig. 1); further, mouse NLRP6, NLRP9b, and NLRP12 and human NLRP2, NLRP7, and IFN-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) have also been proposed to activate caspase-1 (5), although t..

TLR Signaling PathwaysRecognition of PAMPs by TLRs leads to transcriptional upregulation of distinct genes, depending on the TLRs and cell types involved (Figure 1). The difference in the signaling cascades activated by the individual TLRs can be partly explained by the TIR domain-containing adaptor molecules recruited to TLRs (Akira et al., 2006). There are five TIR domain-containing adaptors i..

TLRs and Their LigandsThe TLR family is one of the best-characterized PRR families and is responsible for sensing invading pathogens outside of the cell and in intracellular endosomes and lysosomes (Akira et al., 2006). TLRs are characterized by N-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and a transmembrane region followed by a cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1R homology (TIR) domain. Ten TLRs have been identif..