DEEP WORK

Innate host defense mechanisms of fish viruses and bacteria

1. introduction Fish are in intimate contact with their environment, which can contain very high concentrations of bacteria and viruses. Many of these are saprophytic, some are pathogenic and both are very capable of digesting and degrading the fish's tissues. However, under normal conditions the fish maintains a healthy state by defending itself against these potential inva- ders by a complex s..

Innate immunity of fish

1. IntroductionIt is customary to divide the immune system into the innate (non-specific) and the acquired (specific) immune system. However, an increasing body of evidence, both from fish and mammalian immunology, shows that these are combinational systems. Innate response generally precedes the adaptive response, activates and determines the nature of the adaptive response and co-operates in t..

VACCINES AND THEIR ROLE IN FISH DISEASE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION A vaccine is any biologically based preparation intended to establish or to improve immunity to a particular disease or group of diseases. Vaccines have been used for many years in humans, terrestrial livestock, and companion animals against a variety of diseases. One analogy used for vaccines is that of an insurance policy (Komar et al, 2004). A vaccine, if effective, can help prev..